Fraternities and sororities - Wikipedia. Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the social fraternity, they are prominent in the United States and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, Canada, and elsewhere. Similar organizations exist in other countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German- speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students. In modern usage, the term "Greek letter organization" ("GLO") is often synonymous with the terms "fraternity" and "sorority". Two additional types of fraternities, professional fraternities and honor societies, incorporate some limited elements of traditional fraternity organization but are generally considered a different type of association.

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Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called "social fraternities". Generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduatestudent but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, per constitutional provisions.[1][2]While individual fraternities and sororities vary in exact organization and purpose, most share five common elements: secrecy; single- sex membership; selection of new members on the basis of a two- part vetting and probationary process known as rushing and pledging; ownership and occupancy of a residential property at which the undergraduate members of the fraternity or sorority live; anduse of a set of complex identification symbols including Greek letters, armorial achievements, ciphers, badges, grips, handsigns, passwords, flowers, and colors. Fraternities and sororities engage in philanthropic activities; host parties; provide "finishing" training for new members, such as instruction on etiquette, dress, and manners; and create networking opportunities for their newly graduated members. History[edit]Establishment and early history[edit]The first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the earlier establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1. In 1. 77. 9 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard and Yale.

By the early 1. 9th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1. 82. 5 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its social characteristic, was established at Union College.

In 1. 82. 7, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution,[3] creating the Union Triad. The further birthing of Psi Upsilon (1. Chi Psi (1. 84. 1) and Theta Delta Chi (1. Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry. Their early growth was widely opposed by university administrators, though the increasing influence of fraternity alumni, as well as several high- profile court cases, succeeded in largely muting opposition by the 1.

The first fraternity meeting hall or lodge seems to have been that of the Alpha Epsilon chapter of Chi Psi at the University of Michigan in 1. As fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods.[4] The first residential chapter home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phi's chapter at Cornell, with groundbreaking dated to 1.

Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a residential house in the South when, in 1. University of the South acquired one.[6] Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, building them with support of alumni. Phi Sigma Kappa's chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1. Sororities[edit]Sororities (originally termed "women's fraternities") began to develop in 1. Adelphean Society Alpha Delta Pi,[8] though fraternity- like organizations for women didn't take their current form until the establishment of Pi Beta Phi in 1. Kappa Alpha Theta in 1. The term "sorority" was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word "fraternity" was inappropriate for a group of ladies.

The first organization to use the term "sorority" was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1. The development of "fraternities for women" during this time was a major accomplishment in the way of women's rights and equality. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds; the founding women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. The first "Women's Fraternities" not only had to overcome "restrictive social customs, unequal status under the law and the underlying presumption that they were less able than men"[1.

Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 6. United States and Canada. The National Panhellenic Conference serves as the "umbrella organization" for 2. Internationalization[edit]In 1. Chi Phi fraternity established its Theta chapter at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, marking the first foray of the American social fraternity outside the borders of the United States. At the time, many students from the American south were moving to Europe to study, due to the disrepair into which southern universities had fallen as a result of the American Civil War. One such group of Americans organized Chi Phi at Edinburgh, however, in the course of the Theta chapter's existence, it initiated no non- American members. Patton Online Putlocker.

With declining American enrollment at European universities, Chi Phi at Edinburgh shuttered in 1. U. S. Army soldiers, presumably members of Sigma Phi Epsilon, display that fraternity's flag in Iraq in 2. Nine years following Chi Phi's abortive colonization of the University of Edinburgh, a second attempt was made to transplant the fraternity system outside the United States. In 1. 87. 9 Zeta Psi established a chapter at the University of Toronto.

Zeta Psi's success at Toronto prompted it to open a second Canadian chapter at Mc. Gill University, which it chartered in 1. Other early foundations were Kappa Alpha Society at Toronto in 1.

Mc. Gill in 1. 89. Alpha Delta Phi at Toronto in 1. Mc. Gill in 1. 89. The first sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, was established at Toronto in 1. By 1. 92. 7 there were 4. University of Toronto and of 2. Mc. Gill University.

A few chapters were also reported at the University of British Columbia, Carleton University, Dalhousie University, University of Manitoba, Queen's University, University of Western Ontario. Wilfrid Laurier University, University of Waterloo and Brock University.[1.

Multiculturalism[edit]Numerous Greek organizations in the past have enacted formal and informal prohibitions on pledging individuals of different races and cultural backgrounds. While these limitations have since been abolished by both the Interfraternity Conference and the National Pan- Hellenic Council, students of various ethnicities have come together to form a council of multicultural Greek organizations. The Multicultural Greek Council, officially formed in 1. Greek organizations, including nine fraternities, and ten sororities with cultural affiliations.[1. The first multicultural sorority, Mu Sigma Upsilon was established in November 1.

Rutgers University.[1. The formation of this Greek organization allowed for the emergence of a multicultural fraternity and sorority movement, giving birth to a multicultural movement. Structure and organization[edit]Common elements[edit]Gender exclusivity[edit]Fraternities and sororities traditionally have been single- sex organizations, with fraternities consisting exclusively of men and sororities consisting exclusively of women.